Chapter 13 – Side effects of diabetes

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These audio videos have been created using artificial intelligence (AI) tools, based on the original content from the book “”माझा मधुमेह, माझे नियंत्रण“ i.e. My Diabetes, My Control.

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Diabetes causes fat storage due to impaired energy metabolism, weight gain; BMI 23–25 is considered obese, ≥27 is considered obese. Excess sugar/salt/cholesterol damages the lining of blood vessels (endothelium); large blood vessels become stiff, increasing the risk of heart attack/stroke. Damage to small blood vessels causes long-term damage to the eyes, kidneys, feet, and nerves.

“Deadly Duo” — When diabetes + high blood pressure come together, organ damage increases rapidly.

Immediate side effects:- Hypoglycemia (≤65 mg/dL) — hunger, sweating, tremors, dizziness, unconsciousness; Hyperglycemia (400–500) — frequent urination, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, ketoacidosis/coma.

Foot risk: Neuropathy + insufficient blood supply (neuro-ischemic) → reduced sensation, wound deterioration, gangrene and in some cases amputation.

Retinopathy of the eye can cause bleeding/blindness; laser treatment is useful if diagnosed early.

Sexual health: Erectile dysfunction is common in men; due to blood vessels/neuropathy; can be improved with appropriate treatment and lifestyle changes.

Self-control is important: diet-exercise, weight/waist control, regular sugar monitoring; HbA1c, lipid profile, BP, UMA, ECG, annual eye-foot examination is necessary. Sugar control does not completely reverse the damage already done; however, it slows down further progression and helps prevent complications.